Prana is the Sanskrit for "breath" (from the root prā "to fill", cognate to Latin plenus "full"). It is one of the five organs of vitality or sensation, viz. prana "breath", vac "speech", caksus "sight", shrotra "hearing", and manas "thought".

In Vedantic philosophy, it is the notion of a vital, life-sustaining force of living beings and vital energy, comparable to the Chinese notion of Qi. Prana is a central concept in Ayurveda and Yoga where it is believed to flow through a network of fine subtle channels called nadis. Its most subtle material form is the breath, but is also to be found in blood, and its most concentrated form is semen in men and vaginal fluid in women. The Pranamaya-kosha is one of the five Koshas or "sheaths" of the Atman.

Prana was first expounded in the Upanishads, where it is part of the worldly, physical realm, sustaining the body and the mother of thought and thus also of the mind. Prana suffuses all living forms but is not itself the Atman or individual soul. In the Ayurveda, the Sun and sunshine are held to be a source of Prana Nadis

In Yoga, the three main channels of prana are the Ida, the Pingala and the Sushumna. Ida relates to the left side of the body, terminating at the left nostril and pingala to the right side of the body, terminating at the right nostril. In some practices, alternate nostril breathing balances the prana that flows within the body. When prana enters a period of uplifted, intensified activity, the Yogic tradition refers to it as Pranotthana.

The Five Pranas

In Ayurveda, the Prana is further classified into subcategories, referred to as pranas. According to Hindu philosophy these are the vital principles of basic energy and subtle faculties of an individual that sustain physiological processes. There are five pranas or vital currents in the Hindu system:

1. Prana : Responsible for the beating of the heart and breathing. Prana enters the body through the breath and is sent to every cell through the circulatory system.

2. Apana : Responsible for the elimination of waste products from the body through the lungs and excretory systems.

3. Udana : Responsible for producing sounds through the vocal apparatus, as in speaking, singing, laughing, and crying. Also it represents the conscious energy required to produce the vocal sounds corresponding to the intent of the being. Hence Samyama on udana gives the higher centers total control over the body.

4. Samana : Responsible for the digestion of food and cell metabolism (the repair and manufacture of new cells and growth). Samana also includes the heat regulating processes of the body. Auras are projections of this current. By meditational practices one can see auras of light around every being. Yogis who do special practice on samana can produce a blazing aura at will.

5. Vyana : Responsible for the expansion and contraction processes of the body, eg. the voluntary muscular system.

Pranayama

Pranayama is the practice in which the control of prana is achieved (initially) from the control of one's breathing. According to Yogic philosophy the breath, or air, is merely a gateway to the world of prana and its manifestation in the body. In yoga, pranayama techniques are used to control the movement of these vital energies within the body, which is said to lead to an increase in vitality in the practitioner.  However, intensive practice of these techniques is not trivial. Kason describes situations where intensive pranayama techniques may have adverse effects on certain practitioners.

Pranashakty

Pranashakty means the primordial cosmic energy inherent in breath.(Prana is the Sanskrit for "breath" and Shakty or shakti means sacred force or empowerment, is the primordial cosmic energy or is the cosmic connection through breath. Connecting this link can make profound transformations a human being. Yoga texts say “One who knows Prana knows the Vedas highest knowledge. And the Upanishads says “Prana is Brahman”. Getting this link established is the primary goal of a spiritual aspirant. There are spiritual traditions that work to establish this cosmic connection by using special diksha’s and yogic practices in order to uplift an aspirant to high levels of attainment. The most notable traditions are those of the Siddhars of Tamil. The Siddhars of the south India has been instrumental in bringing the knowledge of this tradition in its supreme.